Paper Chromatography Experiment Report

Paper Chromatography Experiment Report Introduction This is just one of the simple ways of identifying unknown compounds and separate mixtures. It is a separation technique that works based on the compound interactions as those compounds tend to move within a supporting medium. The compounds interact in two phases which are the mobile and stationary phase. The technique helps in analyzing, identifying, purifying and quantifying unknown separable mixtures. The mobile phase is either a liquid or gas which moves the solvent through the stationary phase during the process. The stationary phase is a liquid or solid component that is fixed in a place for the procedure. Paper chromatography works majorly on capillary attractions. The capillary attraction which depends on adhesive and cohesive forces allows the mobile phase to move up the stationary phase due to created surface tension interaction from the forces. The major types are the paper chromatography, thin layer, gas chromatography, column chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography. There are several applications of paper chromatography and other main types of chromatography techniques. This technique is applicable in Pharmaceutical industries, hospitals, forensic science, environmental science and manufacturing plants. This report describes the experiment conducted using paper chromatography to identify an unknown mixture. This will be done by comparing four known amino acids with the two unknown mixtures to identify the unknown mixtures. The experiment will also help master the technique and be able to analyze the movements made by both unknown mixtures and the known amino acids. Materials Gloves, goggles, lab coat, filter paper, toothpick, ninhydrin solution, mixtures to be identified and known amino acids. Methods The laboratory procedures entail different steps that eventually lead to identification of the unknown mixtures. This procedure is divided majorly into stationary phase preparation, mobile phase preparation and chromatograph development. For the stationary phase preparation, the required markings are made on the paper for identification and creation of baseline. The baseline marks are the 1.7cm from the shorter left edge and 1.0cm from the bottom of longer edge. Known amino acid symbols are mark on the paper. Spotting of the known four amino acids and two unknown mixtures are then done using separate toothpicks which will help prevent contamination. Mobile phase preparation was done pouring 10ml of solvent mixture in a 400ml of Berzelius beaker while the chromatography development was done after the filter paper is already dried. Data and Results The solvent distance and spot distance were measured for all the points on the paper. The results is shown in the table below. Amino Acids Solvent distance Spot distance Rf Ury 7.30 1.7 4.29 Gly 7.30 1.5 4.86 Ale 7.30 4.2 1.27 Leu 7.30 1.8 4.05 Unknown 1 7.30 1.7 4.29 Unknown 2 7.30 1.3 5.6 Picture showing the reactions, the spots of unknown mixtures and known amino acids Discussion/Analysis The collected data includes the solvent distance, and spot distance. The data was then used to calculate the presented R f results. The results clearly show the relationship of the unknown mixtures to the known amino acids. Analysing the colour of one of the mixture (the unknown mixture at spot 5) compared to the known amino acids especially the arginine, it was noted that they are more of the same purple colour. The findings of this experiment in terms of spots colour and Rf results shows that only one of the two unknowns is identified to be arginine. So it can be concluded that the first unknown mixture is an arginine amino acid or contain arginine amino acid as a component. The second unknown at spot 5 is not similar to any other known amino acids hence can’t be identified as same. It still remains unknown, but closer to glycine in identity. However, it can be considered to be glycine because of the difference in retention factor and slight difference in colour. Conclusions The findings of this paper chromatography experiment clearly shows the importance of paper chromatography in helping to identify unknown amino acids or analyze any other relevant mixtures that has properties of being separated by the paper. The theory of adhesion and cohesion plays an important part in the separation. The effects of the mobile and stationary phases are

Comparison of Symbolism of Kites in the Kite Runner and...

Comparison of symbolism of kites in the Kite Runner and Master Harold and the boys I am going to compare the symbolism of the kite in the play Master Harold and the boys by Athol Fugard and in the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hossseini. Firstly I will talk about the symbolism in both of the books separately. And then I will compare them to see the similarities and the differences. The kite symbol has two different meanings. In the Kite Runner the kite represents kite fighting and the blue kite that was the last opponent was the key to Baba’s heart. In â€Å"Master Harold and the boys† the kite is used to cheer up Hally when he was embarrassed by his farther. In the novel the kite was made by a professional and in the play it is made by Sam.†¦show more content†¦When Hally got to the top of the hill Sam moved down the hill a bit and held the kite up. The reason of that was because a black man was not allowed to be in the same park as a white person. Sam shouted Hally to go. This was the signal for Hally to run. Hally was impressed the ki te was flying and looping in the air. Hally couldn’t believe it. At last he felt happy again and was proud to have Sam as a friend. â€Å"It works, Sam! We’ve done it!† This quote shows how Hally is now happy again and Sam had succeeded in his job of making Hally feel better. The kite represents sad moments in the play. When Sam and Hally were flying the kite they tied it to a bench where they could sit and watch it fly. Sam had to leave â€Å"but I wanted him to stay†. This shows that Hally wants to share his happy moments with Sam. The problem is that in 1950 in South Africa rules were different and a black man was not allowed to sit on the same bench as a white man. â€Å"It was sort of sad to bring it down†. This explains that the idea of the kite flying in the air got him into a fantasy world and now that the kite is on the ground he is back in the reality. Hally asks Sam if they should do it again, make another kite and enjoy the moments as they shared last time. But Sam said â€Å"No. You can’t fly kites on rainy days which mean you can’t be happy when you’re sad. In ‘The Kite Runner’ the kite does not always symbolize happiness also it shows cowardice and betrayal. It shows thatShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal Assessment of Management Skills 42 Scoring Key 42 Comparison Data 42 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 43 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 43 PART I 1 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 45 DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS SKILL ASSESSMENT 46 Diagnostic Surveys for

Summary of the Life of Beethoven free essay sample

Germany that would change the change of music for an era. Ludwig van Beethoven was born into a family of musicians. HIS grandfather, whom he was named after, was a bass singer and Experimentalist at the electorate of Cologne. Beethovens father, Johann, was a court tenor and music teacher. His mother, Maria Magdalene Lemma, came from a family of wealthy landowners and senators. When Beethoven was only three years of age his grandfather passed away, leaving an inheritance of cash, unpaid loans and property o his son Johann.But through poor management of the new found wealth, his family would, once again, be bound to a moderate family Income. Most of the mismanagement was due to Johannes love for alcohol. At about the age of four or five, Beethoven began his instruction in music. Johann began Ludwig teachings on the clavier and violin and later moved him to the piano. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Life of Beethoven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ludwig musical education was described as brutal and willful. l His father would come in from a late night of drinking and use threats of violence to force Ludwig into practicing.Though he instantly referred to his mother as an honest and good-hearted woman,l Ludwig would, unsuccessfully, attempt to seek solace from her. This caused him to look upon his deceased grandfather as a source pride and emulation. Although he had friends, he remained withdrawn from them throughout his childhood. He did not do well in school, especially mathematics; this was due to his poor study habits. Instead, he would spend all of his time playing on the piano and developing his skills. His physical appearance was also known to be less than admirable.He suppressed all active thought of his parents and, after his fathers death, even entertained the idea that he was the illegitimate child of French Royalty. For the next two decades. Beethoven would have great teachers that would shape his talents and he would write some of his most memorable compositions. By 1 796, he would be hit with his first symptoms of deafness. By 1801 , the deafness progressed to humming, buzzing, and other discordant sounds in the ears. 2 By 1817, after years as a solo pianist, he could no longer hear music. Although he still had some traces of hearing, even rinds had to communicate with him In writing. But, while battling this dilemma, his music remained unaffected and some even say that his deafness may have actually heightened his ability as a composer. Ultimately, Beethoven turned all of his defeats In the autumn of 1826, Beethoven went to Engineering for a into victories. 3 holiday. It was here that he wrote his last string quartet. In December, upon returning to Vienna, Beethoven fought off a case of pneumonia only to be brought back down by cirrhosis of the liver.The cirrhosis turned into dropsy and, on the afternoon on March 26, 1827 at about 5:45, Ludwig van Beethoven passed away. Beethovens eyes opened and he lifted his seconds, a serious, threatening right fist for several expression on his face. When his head fell back. He another half closed his sensory another word, not heart beat. 4 Ludwig van Beethoven who, as a child, was thought to be a slow learner, defied a life of adversity. He never used his childhood as a crutch to be mediocre and even as deafness, he was able to use the sounds imprinted in his mind to paint musical portraits that Mould captivate audiences for centuries to come.

The Value Of Human Life Essays - RTT, Chemistry, Abortion, Fertility

The Value Of Human Life The beliefs and views of modern society are hypocritical and unjust. By the time an individual matures from a young child to an adult, they have been taught an uncountable number of life lessons. One of the outstanding lessons that each and every person has learned is that killing another human being is wrong. This is perhaps the first recognizable lesson on the value of human life. Most children know that killing is against the law and learn religiously that it goes against all religious morals and beliefs, yet society is bombarded by violence everyday in the media and in real life. Today, the value of human life can be questioned, especially that of the young. Through numerous examples of child murder and abortion it is rather obvious that the lives of the unborn or newly born are not valued to the degree that they should be. In most cases, the young are not recognized as people and are robbed of their human rights and freedoms. Young lives, both born and unborn, are seen as more o f a commodity these days, than as precious, magical miracles. In the media today there are ridiculous numbers of reports pertaining to accidents, shootings and robberies-these are just a few examples of unjust acts that are occurring everyday. There is also a shocking amount of coverage about parents accidentally, or on the other hand, brutally murdering their kids. Parents are supposed to be loving and supporting caregivers, they have a great influence over everything a child can possibly say or do. It is hard to believe that some parents would actually take their children's lives into their hands. Recently in the news there have been accounts of a mother poisoning her son to a father taking a knife and slashing his son's throat. These are all cases where the parent in charge has taken advantage of their control. Each helpless child is defenseless in these situations. In many cases, children have become victims of a parent's mental instability. In one case a mother claims to have been suffering form delusions about hell when she took the life of her twenty month old child. In the end this woman was found not criminally responsible because she had apparently been suffering from psychosis the day of the drowning. She was then committed to a psychiatric hospital. This seems to be common place today, and there is no justice done for the young slain victims. Another account of a mother murdering her children is that of Diana Yano who has only a patchy memory of the afternoon she ran the bath water and drowned her two children to send them to a watery grave. She too was found not criminally responsible?because of a mental illness-triggered by a serious bout with breast cancer-that made hr believe her children were better off dead. The father that slit his son's throat suffered from a manic depressive illness?Mr. Meehan was legally insane. He also had four breakdowns which his ex-wife was aware of before she left her children with him that horrible night. She also recalls ?the evil look that came into his eyes when he went off his medication. Were any of the relatives of the deceased; that knew of these mental states, at all concerned with the safety of these children? This could be thought of as a disregard for the children and their well being or as just a lack of respect. Any individual old enough to have a kid understands that babies are helpless, totally without control of their surroundings because they do not have the mental capability or life experience to understand most things. In a different situation, a single, young mother; still attending high school is charged with manslaughter and criminal negligence after her ten month old son died of a drug overdose. An autopsy revealed that the codeine level was sufficient to kill?morphine was also in the baby's blood, but the amount fell within therapeutic range. There had been testifies stating that the mother was prescribed a bottle of liquid codeine weeks before her son's death. Her charges were dropped from second-degree murder because she had taken good care of her son, he