Paper Chromatography Experiment Report

Paper Chromatography Experiment Report Introduction This is just one of the simple ways of identifying unknown compounds and separate mixtures. It is a separation technique that works based on the compound interactions as those compounds tend to move within a supporting medium. The compounds interact in two phases which are the mobile and stationary phase. The technique helps in analyzing, identifying, purifying and quantifying unknown separable mixtures. The mobile phase is either a liquid or gas which moves the solvent through the stationary phase during the process. The stationary phase is a liquid or solid component that is fixed in a place for the procedure. Paper chromatography works majorly on capillary attractions. The capillary attraction which depends on adhesive and cohesive forces allows the mobile phase to move up the stationary phase due to created surface tension interaction from the forces. The major types are the paper chromatography, thin layer, gas chromatography, column chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography. There are several applications of paper chromatography and other main types of chromatography techniques. This technique is applicable in Pharmaceutical industries, hospitals, forensic science, environmental science and manufacturing plants. This report describes the experiment conducted using paper chromatography to identify an unknown mixture. This will be done by comparing four known amino acids with the two unknown mixtures to identify the unknown mixtures. The experiment will also help master the technique and be able to analyze the movements made by both unknown mixtures and the known amino acids. Materials Gloves, goggles, lab coat, filter paper, toothpick, ninhydrin solution, mixtures to be identified and known amino acids. Methods The laboratory procedures entail different steps that eventually lead to identification of the unknown mixtures. This procedure is divided majorly into stationary phase preparation, mobile phase preparation and chromatograph development. For the stationary phase preparation, the required markings are made on the paper for identification and creation of baseline. The baseline marks are the 1.7cm from the shorter left edge and 1.0cm from the bottom of longer edge. Known amino acid symbols are mark on the paper. Spotting of the known four amino acids and two unknown mixtures are then done using separate toothpicks which will help prevent contamination. Mobile phase preparation was done pouring 10ml of solvent mixture in a 400ml of Berzelius beaker while the chromatography development was done after the filter paper is already dried. Data and Results The solvent distance and spot distance were measured for all the points on the paper. The results is shown in the table below. Amino Acids Solvent distance Spot distance Rf Ury 7.30 1.7 4.29 Gly 7.30 1.5 4.86 Ale 7.30 4.2 1.27 Leu 7.30 1.8 4.05 Unknown 1 7.30 1.7 4.29 Unknown 2 7.30 1.3 5.6 Picture showing the reactions, the spots of unknown mixtures and known amino acids Discussion/Analysis The collected data includes the solvent distance, and spot distance. The data was then used to calculate the presented R f results. The results clearly show the relationship of the unknown mixtures to the known amino acids. Analysing the colour of one of the mixture (the unknown mixture at spot 5) compared to the known amino acids especially the arginine, it was noted that they are more of the same purple colour. The findings of this experiment in terms of spots colour and Rf results shows that only one of the two unknowns is identified to be arginine. So it can be concluded that the first unknown mixture is an arginine amino acid or contain arginine amino acid as a component. The second unknown at spot 5 is not similar to any other known amino acids hence can’t be identified as same. It still remains unknown, but closer to glycine in identity. However, it can be considered to be glycine because of the difference in retention factor and slight difference in colour. Conclusions The findings of this paper chromatography experiment clearly shows the importance of paper chromatography in helping to identify unknown amino acids or analyze any other relevant mixtures that has properties of being separated by the paper. The theory of adhesion and cohesion plays an important part in the separation. The effects of the mobile and stationary phases are

Comparison of Symbolism of Kites in the Kite Runner and...

Comparison of symbolism of kites in the Kite Runner and Master Harold and the boys I am going to compare the symbolism of the kite in the play Master Harold and the boys by Athol Fugard and in the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hossseini. Firstly I will talk about the symbolism in both of the books separately. And then I will compare them to see the similarities and the differences. The kite symbol has two different meanings. In the Kite Runner the kite represents kite fighting and the blue kite that was the last opponent was the key to Baba’s heart. In â€Å"Master Harold and the boys† the kite is used to cheer up Hally when he was embarrassed by his farther. In the novel the kite was made by a professional and in the play it is made by Sam.†¦show more content†¦When Hally got to the top of the hill Sam moved down the hill a bit and held the kite up. The reason of that was because a black man was not allowed to be in the same park as a white person. Sam shouted Hally to go. This was the signal for Hally to run. Hally was impressed the ki te was flying and looping in the air. Hally couldn’t believe it. At last he felt happy again and was proud to have Sam as a friend. â€Å"It works, Sam! We’ve done it!† This quote shows how Hally is now happy again and Sam had succeeded in his job of making Hally feel better. The kite represents sad moments in the play. When Sam and Hally were flying the kite they tied it to a bench where they could sit and watch it fly. Sam had to leave â€Å"but I wanted him to stay†. This shows that Hally wants to share his happy moments with Sam. The problem is that in 1950 in South Africa rules were different and a black man was not allowed to sit on the same bench as a white man. â€Å"It was sort of sad to bring it down†. This explains that the idea of the kite flying in the air got him into a fantasy world and now that the kite is on the ground he is back in the reality. Hally asks Sam if they should do it again, make another kite and enjoy the moments as they shared last time. But Sam said â€Å"No. You can’t fly kites on rainy days which mean you can’t be happy when you’re sad. In ‘The Kite Runner’ the kite does not always symbolize happiness also it shows cowardice and betrayal. It shows thatShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal Assessment of Management Skills 42 Scoring Key 42 Comparison Data 42 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 43 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 43 PART I 1 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 45 DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS SKILL ASSESSMENT 46 Diagnostic Surveys for

Summary of the Life of Beethoven free essay sample

Germany that would change the change of music for an era. Ludwig van Beethoven was born into a family of musicians. HIS grandfather, whom he was named after, was a bass singer and Experimentalist at the electorate of Cologne. Beethovens father, Johann, was a court tenor and music teacher. His mother, Maria Magdalene Lemma, came from a family of wealthy landowners and senators. When Beethoven was only three years of age his grandfather passed away, leaving an inheritance of cash, unpaid loans and property o his son Johann.But through poor management of the new found wealth, his family would, once again, be bound to a moderate family Income. Most of the mismanagement was due to Johannes love for alcohol. At about the age of four or five, Beethoven began his instruction in music. Johann began Ludwig teachings on the clavier and violin and later moved him to the piano. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Life of Beethoven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ludwig musical education was described as brutal and willful. l His father would come in from a late night of drinking and use threats of violence to force Ludwig into practicing.Though he instantly referred to his mother as an honest and good-hearted woman,l Ludwig would, unsuccessfully, attempt to seek solace from her. This caused him to look upon his deceased grandfather as a source pride and emulation. Although he had friends, he remained withdrawn from them throughout his childhood. He did not do well in school, especially mathematics; this was due to his poor study habits. Instead, he would spend all of his time playing on the piano and developing his skills. His physical appearance was also known to be less than admirable.He suppressed all active thought of his parents and, after his fathers death, even entertained the idea that he was the illegitimate child of French Royalty. For the next two decades. Beethoven would have great teachers that would shape his talents and he would write some of his most memorable compositions. By 1 796, he would be hit with his first symptoms of deafness. By 1801 , the deafness progressed to humming, buzzing, and other discordant sounds in the ears. 2 By 1817, after years as a solo pianist, he could no longer hear music. Although he still had some traces of hearing, even rinds had to communicate with him In writing. But, while battling this dilemma, his music remained unaffected and some even say that his deafness may have actually heightened his ability as a composer. Ultimately, Beethoven turned all of his defeats In the autumn of 1826, Beethoven went to Engineering for a into victories. 3 holiday. It was here that he wrote his last string quartet. In December, upon returning to Vienna, Beethoven fought off a case of pneumonia only to be brought back down by cirrhosis of the liver.The cirrhosis turned into dropsy and, on the afternoon on March 26, 1827 at about 5:45, Ludwig van Beethoven passed away. Beethovens eyes opened and he lifted his seconds, a serious, threatening right fist for several expression on his face. When his head fell back. He another half closed his sensory another word, not heart beat. 4 Ludwig van Beethoven who, as a child, was thought to be a slow learner, defied a life of adversity. He never used his childhood as a crutch to be mediocre and even as deafness, he was able to use the sounds imprinted in his mind to paint musical portraits that Mould captivate audiences for centuries to come.

The Value Of Human Life Essays - RTT, Chemistry, Abortion, Fertility

The Value Of Human Life The beliefs and views of modern society are hypocritical and unjust. By the time an individual matures from a young child to an adult, they have been taught an uncountable number of life lessons. One of the outstanding lessons that each and every person has learned is that killing another human being is wrong. This is perhaps the first recognizable lesson on the value of human life. Most children know that killing is against the law and learn religiously that it goes against all religious morals and beliefs, yet society is bombarded by violence everyday in the media and in real life. Today, the value of human life can be questioned, especially that of the young. Through numerous examples of child murder and abortion it is rather obvious that the lives of the unborn or newly born are not valued to the degree that they should be. In most cases, the young are not recognized as people and are robbed of their human rights and freedoms. Young lives, both born and unborn, are seen as more o f a commodity these days, than as precious, magical miracles. In the media today there are ridiculous numbers of reports pertaining to accidents, shootings and robberies-these are just a few examples of unjust acts that are occurring everyday. There is also a shocking amount of coverage about parents accidentally, or on the other hand, brutally murdering their kids. Parents are supposed to be loving and supporting caregivers, they have a great influence over everything a child can possibly say or do. It is hard to believe that some parents would actually take their children's lives into their hands. Recently in the news there have been accounts of a mother poisoning her son to a father taking a knife and slashing his son's throat. These are all cases where the parent in charge has taken advantage of their control. Each helpless child is defenseless in these situations. In many cases, children have become victims of a parent's mental instability. In one case a mother claims to have been suffering form delusions about hell when she took the life of her twenty month old child. In the end this woman was found not criminally responsible because she had apparently been suffering from psychosis the day of the drowning. She was then committed to a psychiatric hospital. This seems to be common place today, and there is no justice done for the young slain victims. Another account of a mother murdering her children is that of Diana Yano who has only a patchy memory of the afternoon she ran the bath water and drowned her two children to send them to a watery grave. She too was found not criminally responsible?because of a mental illness-triggered by a serious bout with breast cancer-that made hr believe her children were better off dead. The father that slit his son's throat suffered from a manic depressive illness?Mr. Meehan was legally insane. He also had four breakdowns which his ex-wife was aware of before she left her children with him that horrible night. She also recalls ?the evil look that came into his eyes when he went off his medication. Were any of the relatives of the deceased; that knew of these mental states, at all concerned with the safety of these children? This could be thought of as a disregard for the children and their well being or as just a lack of respect. Any individual old enough to have a kid understands that babies are helpless, totally without control of their surroundings because they do not have the mental capability or life experience to understand most things. In a different situation, a single, young mother; still attending high school is charged with manslaughter and criminal negligence after her ten month old son died of a drug overdose. An autopsy revealed that the codeine level was sufficient to kill?morphine was also in the baby's blood, but the amount fell within therapeutic range. There had been testifies stating that the mother was prescribed a bottle of liquid codeine weeks before her son's death. Her charges were dropped from second-degree murder because she had taken good care of her son, he

Film Paper essays

Film Paper essays Film Paper A Stranger Among Us In the movie A Stranger Among Us there are several characters that have their lives impacted by the events in the film. One such character is Ariel. Meeting Emily Eden, the murder of his best friend, and finding out who actually had a hand in the murder all has a profound impact upon Ariel. After Ariels best friend is reported missing, the NYPD sends detective Eden to the community to help and find out why he is missing and where he is. When they first meet, their worlds collide. To Ariel, I think he is very intrigued in the way she acts, because he has never met anyone like her within his community. His Hassidic upbringing does not allow him to be alone with a woman. So when he is alone talking to her he feels uncomfortable, which wares off during the course of the film. He is confused on the types of questions that she asks about his friend, like that he is a thief. After they find his friend dead, she moves in with his family in order to find out whom the killer is, probably making him a little uncomfortable. Ariel and his sister help in integrating Emily into the community, which helps him to understand her a little better. Ariel helps Emily in introducing her to people to help her to more integrated. During one scene, where they are having a sort of banquet, you can see them kind of catching glances at one another, suggesting that he is starting to get more intrigued about her. Another scene finds them alone at night on the porch talking about him and his beliefs, as well as her and her job. She has no problem, at this time, confessing her feelings for him but he cannot bring himself to confess to her his feelings. After she supposedly catches two suspects, killing one, she finds herself out of the community. Later this leads him to come and meet with her, alone, at her apartment. Tells her that he is meeting his fiancee for the first time tonight, and he had to...

Need for Speed Reading 10 Hacks to Help You

Need for Speed Reading 10 Hacks to Help You No matter what your major, it’s likely you have between 50-200 pages of reading to get through every night of the week. Especially, when the end of semester is coming, with final exams and projects ahead. For those of us who are slow readers, that can be pretty daunting, especially considering that there are lots of other things that have to be done (think â€Å"laundry† and â€Å"cooking macaroni.†) Did you know there are actually ways that you can improve your reading and retention speed without buying some weird As-Seen-On-TV program? Here are the best speed-reading hacks that actually work. Scan for keywords Look for keywords and new vocabulary, which are usually in bold or italics. Then, read the sentence before and after. You’ll have a better idea of the overall gist of what is happening and be a leg up for the quiz. 10-Second Rule Skim through each page for a maximum of 10 seconds, looking only for the main ideas of the page. When you get to an idea that is new or that seems important, stop and spend another 10 seconds re-reading that section. Summarizing For each page of your book, take a minute and write one or two sentences that help you organize the main ideas of the page. You can even write them at the bottom of the page. This is a great help for when you are trying to find information to study at the end of the semester. First and Last Sentences A great way to get the gist of a paragraph quickly is to only focus on the first and last sentences. That’s where you are going to get 90% of the meat of the content. The rest is mostly filler. Look for Visual Markers Some text is more important than others, and it will show up on your test. Any text that is bold, highlighted, in a box, or a different color is text that is trying to get your attention. Also look for bullets, numbered lists, or any text that â€Å"pops† out from the rest of the page. Numbers Unless you’re reading a math textbook, numbers and statistics are a good thing to stop and look at. Not only are they often included in tests (think years in your History classes), but they will make you look smarter in discussions. How many other people will remember the exact percentage of women holding Congress positions? Color Mark Although highlighting is not a very effective solution generally, it can be helpful if you use it effectively. Instead of using highlighters, though, invest in a pack of colorful mini-sticky notes. Then, as you scan through your textbook, mark your pages with the color that matches. Here’s a good system: Green – Got it! You understand the ideas on the page. Yellow – Some ideas that need to be reviewed. Red – Come back to this page in more depth. Blue – This item WILL BE ON THE TEST. Sentence Snapshot Some of the best research on speed-reading has to do with how you look at the page. Instead of being trapped by word-by-word reading from left to right, try to take a mental snapshot of the whole sentence. Although you might not think you’re getting information, your brain captures and processes even while you’ve moved on to a new sentence. Study Early Speed-reading takes focus and concentration, and that’s the found most often in the early morning. Instead of trying to skim and remember late at night, wake up early. Your brain is primed to comprehend better when it’s not quite so exhausted. Stop Talking To Yourself Subvocalization is the act of internally saying words to yourself, and it has been shown to slow down reading speed. It is also connected with comprehension. While you are skimming your textbooks, eliminate most of your subvocalization – except when you come to something that is vital to be understood. Then, you can subvocalize or vocalize as much as is needed to understand the new concept. As you practice using these speed-reading hacks, you will be able to get through your texts faster without sacrificing your ability to comprehend the material. Just keep looking for what’s important. Keep fluff out of your head and in the dryer where it belongs. Have any speed reading tips to share? Want to leave your feedback? Welcome to the comments below!

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 12

Business Ethics - Essay Example Along with this the management accountants also use the financial statements and the statements like cash flow, fund flow (which are not published in the annual reports) and they formulate a plan about the further steps that should be taken by the management so that the company can use the available resources optimally and can perform better. If the accountants doing fraudulent while preparing the statements then the objective of the company can be hampered. The external stakeholders would fail to take the right decisions and the management accountants can’t plan successfully. So protecting the interest of the stakeholders it is necessary to maintain the accounting ethics properly by the company management. The accounting bodies has prepared some rules, the companies are bound to maintain those rules for protecting the interest of the stakeholders. The paper describes the issue of ethics in accounting; the importance of the ethics rules of AICPA is also discussed. A case study will also be discussed by the researcher for depicting the importance of ethics in accounting. Doing fraud in the financial statements is an intentional activity for making the balance sheet stronger, for showing higher profit of the company in the financial year. For showing higher profit than the actual the accountants shows higher value, higher revenue. Enron, the company in the energy sector started its business in 1985. In the 1990s the company’s growth was fine. The growth of the company made it one of the best companies in the world. In Standard and Poor 500 index the growth of the company was also good. But the lack of transparency was the cause of the downfall of the company. Their business model was complex and they used to do unethical practices. The company used to recognize the revenue even when the deal was signed between the two parties. Government deregulation was also a factor for their downfall. Enron used the Special Purpose Entities for accessing

U.S. expansionism Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. expansionism - Personal Statement Example My name is Jackson J. Samuel; I was born in 1856 and lived with my parents and seven siblings on a farm in Texas. Currently, I am working as a teacher. I am married to Penelope, and we have three boys, James, Fred and Peter. Last year, the country joined Cuba rebels in a sordid fight for independence from its colonial master, Spain.Personally, I favor the United States helping Cuba because I believe in the Manifest Destiny. Even though it was made more than a decade before I was born, it was a constant part of my early education.My father, Jacob J Samuel, used to tell me stories about history of our beloved country. He explained how the US was superior to all the other countries in the region and we were right to take the lands away from the weaker nations because it was divinely ordained and also because President James Monroe had already made it clear to the European countries that they were to stay out of the hemisphere so that the United States would be able to take advantage of the far more inferior nations. I favor the war because I believe the United States is superior, it is the divine right of my country to seek expansion and I think that US imperialism is good. Even though, the confederacy lost the civil war and my family and I still harbor bitterness about the whole affair, we are still rather patriotic. ... So when the Cuban war of independence broke out last year I was glad that the US decided to get involved, if the government could free the country from backwardness like it had freed Texas, it was a fight well fought. Judging from the news of the treaty being signed I am glad that the Philippines have also been rescued and can be greatly helped by the superior political and economic strength of my country. The United States was far more superior to the other nations in the hemisphere. One example of the brilliance of the United States is that the largest war fought on the territory managed to unify the north and the south and to bring greater political and economic security. My father used to tell me that the other country in the region especially those from the South American continent were extremely backward and when they fought wars they were never wise enough to join together, instead they broke into smaller, weaker groups, which I determined fro myself was a good thing because it meant that the US could always exert its influence and dominate these weaker nations. This is exactly what happened at every opportunity that presented itself, and the war in Cuba was undoubtedly another such opportunity. With Spain gone, the US would be free to intervene and negotiate Cuban affairs in order to gain economically because Cuba was a very prosperous colony. This is important for me because, it meant that as a teacher, better economic prosperity in the country would eventually trickle down to me. In 1898, I was happy to hear the news in February about the US starting to fight in the war. When the Maine sunk, many American thought that it was deliberate act of aggression by Spain. I suspected that

History of HTML Essay Example for Free

History of HTML Essay HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the predominant and most currently most popular language for creating web pages. It is a well-designed language to describe the structure of text-based information in a document by using certain tags referred to as HTML tags and using certain text links, heads, paragraphs, tables, lists and headings. While HTML is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded forms, and other scripting language codes, which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and other HTML processors. It is assumed that what made this language a very popular web development language is its English-like characteristic which makes it relatively easy to comprehend, and memorize the tags as compared to most other languages. It was in the late 1980’s, when the physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was an independent contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee and CERN Robert Cailliau, a data systems engineer from CERN, each submitted separate proposals for an Internet-based hypertext system providing similar functionality. The following year, they collaborated on a joint proposal, the Worldwide Web (W3) project; this proposal was accepted by CERN and as of now, and the project continued to grow from the day that it was developed, and continuous to grow up until present. In the advent of the interne and in the continuous increase in its popularity, came parallel the advent of the web-development language HTML. Although it has already been an accepted and established concept in the field of academics as early as the 1940s. It was with the advent of he personal computer that hypertext came into popularity. Bill Atkinson came up with the astounding idea in the late 1980s. It was then the he and his team developed Hypercard, an application for the Macintosh Operating System. Hypercard allows users to construct a series of on-screen `filing cards that would be able to contain text and graphics. Users can also navigate through these filing cards by pressing on-screen buttons, which were designed for simple and plain navigation. Hypercard easily became popular and was integrated on many other applications. Toolbox, for Personal Computers was developed and popularized in the 1990s for hypertext training courses. These courses came up with a more advanced navigation system wherein viewers or users were able to view pages with buttons which can help them navigate forward or backward or jump to a topic. Hypercard and its co-programs easily became popularized, however they were still held back by certain limitations. The major limitation was that hypertext jumps were only allowed to be made to files on the same computer. Hypertext umps to computers on other countries or on the other side of the world were still not possible. Hypertext communication was still on the local scale and not available in the global scale. It the increasing demands for global scale hypertext communication that the HTML came into advent. HTML has had a development-span of roughly seven years. During that time, it has evolved from a simple language with a small number of tags to a complex system of mark-up tags, enabling authors to create visually stunning web pages complete with sound and animation. Basically, the language developed from HTML+, HTML 2, HTML 3. 2, HTML 4. And finally HTML 5, which was released in 2008. A document called â€Å"HTML Tags†, was the first publicly available description of the HTML. This was known to public by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. It describes 22 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML, thirteen of these elements still exist up to HTML 4. At that time, Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language or SGML. However, it was not formally announced until the mid-1993 publication, by the IETF, of the first proposal for an HTML specification. Berners-Lee and Dan Connollys made an internet draft, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). This included an SGML document type definition to define the grammar. The HTML and HTML+ drafts expires in 1994, and that was when IETF created an HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed HTML 2. 0, the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based. HTML 2. 0 included ideas from the HTML and HTML+ drafts. HTML 2. 0 became the standard for website design until the year 1997. By then, more people were using HTML, and while the previous standards offered some decent abilities, people thirsted for more abilities and tags as to be able to better enhance the appearance of their websites. At this time, a HTML working group, led by Dave Raggett introduced HTML 3. 0. It included many new and improved abilities for HTML, and promised far more powerful opportunities to HTML users. HTML 4. 0 was recommended by W3C in 1997 and became the official standard in April 1998. Browser support was undertaken surprisingly earnestly by Microsoft in their Internet Explorer browser HTML 4. 0 was a large evolution of the HTML standards, and the last version of the classic HTML. At present, the newest version of the HTML is HTML 5. 0. It was published as a working draft by W3C last January 22, 2008, and includes major revisions in the core language of the World Wide Web, HTML. In this version, new features, elements and functionalities had been introduced to aid web developers to further improve the appearance and back-end structure of websites.

The Linwood Method and the Bio-Medical Approach: Two of the Competing T

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RUNNING HEAD: Competing Theories for Treatments of Autism The Linwood Method and the Bio-Medical Approach: Two of the Competing Theories For the Treatment of Patients with Autism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract The author of this paper gives and explanation of what autism is. He also tells you a b it about Jeanne Simons and why she created the Linwood Method and what it is. Then, in addition, you are given a description of who Dr. Jacquelyn McCandless is and her reasons for creating the Bio-Medical Method. She also gives the main idea behind the Bio-Medical Method.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have chosen the topic of autism because I have a family member that, at the age of two, was diagnosed as being autistic. I wanted to understand why he acts the way that he does. I also wanted to know what kids of treatments are out there; maybe it could be some use to his family. I found two theories of treatment that were very different from each other. My goal is to describe what autism is and then compare then Linwood Method and the Bio-Medical Approach. What is Autism?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autism was not classified as a separate syndrome until 1943 by Doctor Leo Kanner, a child psychologist at John Hopkins Medical School. HE described it as: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early onset- possibly from birth, but certainly before age two and a half †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social and emotional impairment- often shows up at birth †¢Ã‚  &nb... ...around them. I have seen with my own eyes how much patience it takes to be the family of a child with autism. It takes a very special person or group of people to handle it as well as I have seen. References Celiac Disease. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 30 April 2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/digest/pubs/celiac/#1 Genes and Disease. The National Center for Biotechnology Information. 30 April 2003 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd .section.234 German Measles or Rubella. Medinfo. 30 April 2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.medinfo.co.uk/conditions/rubella.htm McCandless, Jacquelyn. Children With Starving Brains: A Medical Treatment Guide For   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autism Spectrum Disorder. Canada: Bramble Books, 2002 Park, Clara Claiborne. Exiting Nirvana: A Daughter’s Life with Autism. 1st Edition. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York: Little, Brown and Company, 2001 Simons, Jeanne and Sabine Oishi. The Hidden Child: The Linwood Method for Reaching   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Autistic Child. Maryland: Woodbine House, 1985

Women are responsible for the vast majority of childcare in contemporary Britain

Women are responsible for childcare for a variety of reasons. Often due to the costs of private childcare, a mother staying at home becomes logical. Many women struggle to find convenient well paid jobs so conclude that it is not worth working. Another reason why the woman is often responsible may be that the family see it as only natural that the woman in the family should take care of the children. â€Å"Women are perceived as having the sort of emotional qualities necessary to nurture families and run the home† (Valentine, 2001, pg 65). Also, maternal instincts are often assumed to grant women with greater ability than men when it comes to childcare. â€Å"Eco-feminists†¦ see child-raring as a key experience that teaches women to be more caring and tender† (Rose, 1996, pg. 26). Finally, single mothers are often left with little or no choice than to raise their child alone and rely on childcare benefits provided by the state. â€Å"In the UK and North America at least, domestic work (housework and childcare for example) within the heterosexual family has often been assigned to women. (Holloway and Hubbard, 2001, pg 91). For these reasons and many others women are often the sex ‘left holding the baby'. This report will look at how this can affect a woman's use of space, and how the negative side of this can be changed. When a woman has no outside work, her domestic restraints can make her see her home as a prison. Mothers at home with babies crave for interactions with other adults and for time away from their home dwelling. This is where their home is no longer a place of comfort and rest but a place of domestic labour. Therefore, the structure of the nuclear family can lead to the home becoming a prison. â€Å"A key observation here is that the separation of home from work cannot apply when the work of one member of the household occurs in the home place. † (Holloway and Hubbard, 2001, pg 91). Leading a more domestically influenced life can change the behaviour of a person. Ardener claims â€Å"Behaviour and space are mutually dependent† (Rose, 1996, pg 17). Mothers working full or part time often find it hard to find a job that will accommodate their needs. Those women, who do work, work in low paid jobs within close proximity to their homes. Daily activity patterns are structured by the constraints on mobility presented by the presence of young children and the lack of access to the car. † (Gregson et al. , 1997, pg 69) In society, we are surrounded by labels. A mother, for example, has the labels such as, mother, wife, daughter, sister, friend, aunt, customer, co worker, to name just a few. As we conform to what is expected of us from each of these labels our use of space can alter dramatically. A mother thinks about what is best for her child. Certain places will automatically become off limits for her as she puts the needs of her child first. For example one place the mother would not go includes smoky public houses. â€Å"The employment possibilities, the kinds of unpaid activities undertaken and the daily activities of young women†¦ [With children] are defined within the ‘social constraints' imposed by the ideology of gender roles† (Gregson et al. , 1997, pg 69) In order to confirm that a woman's use of space is altered by childcare, mind maps can be produced and analyzed. This technique can show how well a person does or does not know an area. Certain areas would be in less detail that they view as unsafe to take children, such as subways or public houses. Other areas would be in great detail such as school routes, parks and play areas. A woman involved in childcare's use of space was first altered during industrialisation, when production moved from the home into factories. The home was no longer a work place for all the family but just for one. â€Å"Whereas before, cooking childcare cleaning and so on had been done on a collective basis, the communal style of living broke down and families became emotionally and physically more enclosed or privatized. The definition of ‘home' as a place separate from employment devalued the unpaid work done within it, precisely because it was not paid. † (Valentine, 2001, pg 66). Being a full time carer for your own or someone else's children can be a lonely experience. Children are unable to hold the intelligent level of conversation that a woman will crave. McDowell, 1999, explains how housework can be in worse conditions than paid work. It is an isolating experience and that it should be recognised for the amount of character and hard work that it requires. It is even harder for a woman whose family has been out all day at school and work, while she has done the unpaid work of the house, for love, not money. â€Å"The very large majority of men work away from their homes and return there for rest and recreation†¦ For Fathers and children alike these hours away from home bring new contacts, recreation such as clubs camps and games, as well as more serious interests. But in general the mother stays at home. † (Spring Rice, cited in McDowell, 1999, Pg 74) Following the Second World War, the nuclear family took priority in house building. This was in hope of regaining, â€Å"The sanctity of family life†. Valentine, 2001, pg 66). The designers and governments wanted to encourage this style of housing following the war because, â€Å"They were concerned about falling birth rates and argued that improved housing would persuade more women to have children and remove the temptation of outside work†. (Valentine, 2001, pg 66). As history tells, it did not work out this way. Women have fought their way to better maternity rights so that child bearing does not mean they do not pursue a career or outside interests. Despite this, the nuclear house is still popular on the market with a rise of single apartments.

Killing vs Letting Die

In a paper entitled â€Å"Why Does Removing Machines Count as Passive Euthanasia?† Dr. Patrick D. Hopkins argues that â€Å"the removal of a machine which substitutes for a failed vital organ is equivalent to removing that life-sustaining organ.†( Killing 2004 p. 1). In this scenario, removing a breathing machine such as BiPap that essentially breathes for the patient when they are unable to breathe for themselves, would be tantamount to removing the patient’s lung in order to stop him from breathing. The ground becomes a little shaky if we rely on this theory; the patient or surrogate making decisions for the patient, when confronted with a terminally ill medical situation,   asks that all â€Å"life-support† machines and feeding tubes be removed. Is the doctor or nurse who performs this act of mercy â€Å"killing† the patient, or just removing artificial means of life and â€Å"letting die?†Ã‚   Unlike Dr. Hopkins, I don’t feel tha t â€Å"pulling the plug,† or ceasing life support machines is equal in any way to cutting out a vital organ. I believe â€Å"letting die† is a morally responsible act, while actively â€Å"killing† is quite another matter.Many people make a distinction between passive euthanasia and active euthanasia.   While the AMA maintains that people have a â€Å"right to die with dignity,† and believe it â€Å"morally permissible,† for a physician to allow the death of a person who is suffering unmercifully and has an incurable disease, they are unwilling to â€Å"countenance active euthanasia for a person who is in similar straits, but who has the misfortune not to be suffering from an illness that will result in a speedy death.† (Tooley 2006 p. 1).   Therefore, while a patient might have a terminal illness and be in extreme pain, if the illness is not likely to kill them fairly quickly, euthanasia is not an option, rather they are required to su ffer for a lengthy period of time before receiving assistance in ending their lives.This becomes a very touchy moral issue, with passionate arguments on both sides.   The motives of a person who intentionally kills someone is surely more evil than the motives of a person who lets someone die, most especially if the motives for letting that person die are purely non-selfish and a result of empathy for the person’s pain.   Watching a loved one die slowly and painfully is a hardship on those who love them as well as the person themselves. When a beloved member of your family is begging you to â€Å"let them go,† how can it be morally wrong to grant that wish?In the realm of withholding treatment versus withdrawing treatment, the consensus seems to be that if withholding treatment can be justified, then withdrawing it can be justified by the same criteria. (Jennings 2001 p. 2).   The reality is that while administering treatment that may, in fact, have to be later wi thdrawn buys time in the sense that the physician is able come to a solid prognosis of the patient’s chances for survival, many ethicists feel that it is â€Å"easier to justify not starting treatment.†Ã‚   (Jennings 2001 p. 2).   So, while administering treatment may allow the doctor, patient and family members time to accept the reality of the imminent death of a loved one, doctors are hesitant to administer treatment that they are fairly certain will have to be withdrawn somewhere down the line, and find it easier to let nature take it’s course in the first place.Life sustaining treatments are considered to be: mechanical ventilation, dialysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, antibiotics, transfusions, nutrition and hydration.   While most of us are relatively â€Å"okay† with the idea of withdrawing (or not administering in the first place) the mechanical ventilation, dialysis, or performing CPR, we are less okay with the idea of removing a feeding tube and iv’s or not administering antibiotics.We equate these acts in some sense as â€Å"starving† our loved one to death, or making them do without water, and we see this more as torture than assisting an inevitable death. The fact is that dehydration can produce a sedative effect on the brain, making the dying process more tolerable, so essentially it is an issue in our minds rather than one based on reality.   Technically it is all the same; if a person is unable to feed themselves in the traditional way, or drink a glass of water, then feeding tubes and IV’s are artificial means of keeping a person alive. However, if we were to disallow these basic medical care issues, many, many, people who go on to live happy, productive lives, would surely die.The question becomes to what degree are we good with measures to sustain life? Many times â€Å"comfort measures† are determined to be the most solid course, and, in general, family members are much more agreeable to allowing a loved one to die provided they are still administered IV’s, feeding tubes and pain medication.Extraordinary measures may in some cases be determined by the level of technological complexity, yet this can be misleading. â€Å"Certain procedures for providing artificial nutrition and hydration, for example, are technologically rather complex, whereas administering chemotherapy is not.†Ã‚   (Policy 2006 p. 3).   Therefore, we cannot say that administering chemotherapy is a rather simple procedure, therefore only an â€Å"ordinary† means of treatment while the complex artificial nutrition system must then be â€Å"extraordinary.†Ã‚   There must, therefore, be an assessment of the â€Å"benefits and burdens for the patient that each procedure or treatment provides.† (Policy 2006 p. 3).CPR is generally used to restore breathing capabilities to someone whose breathing has been interrupted for whatever reason. Because resuscitati on has no value in the management of terminal diseases, but is rather intended to return a person in a health crisis to a normal healthy state, CPR, while certainly an extraordinary, live-saving measure, is not a factor in a terminally ill patient. Mechanical ventilation may be ethically removed from a terminally ill patient at their request, just as blood transfusions may be refused by the patient who is terminally ill.Tony Bland was a victim of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster when football fans were crushed and 95 people died.   Tony survived but was in a coma that doctors believed he would never emerge from. (Tony Bland 2006 p. 1).   Tony could breathe on his own and all his vital organs functioned normally on his own. He could digest food but could not feed himself, so was put on feeding tubes.Because we don’t consider food and water â€Å"medicine,† but rather basic necessities to stay alive, the feeding tube for Tony Bland could not be considered â€Å"treatm ent,† and because Mr. Bland was not actually dying at the time, his food and fluids would have had to be withdrawn in order for him to die. The courts ordered, after four years of Mr. Bland being in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state,† that the fluids and feeding tubes be removed, and he be allowed to die, a process that took nearly two weeks as well as causing the suffering of his family.   (Tony Bland 2006 p. 2).The issue of medical euthanasia is one that will be debated passionately for many years to come, with ethical arguments on both sides.Works CitedJennings, Bruce (February 2001). Medical Ethics and Clinical Practice. Retrieved onMay 29, 2006 from:http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1071269Killing vs. Letting Die (June 13, 2004). Should Removal of Mechanical Life SupportMachine at the Request of a Patient be Considered Killing or Letting the PatientDie? Retrieved May 30, 2006 from:http://www.hsc.usc.edu/~mbernste/ethics.killingvs.lettingdie.h tmlPolicy (2006). Policy on Forgoing Life Sustaining or Death-Prolonging Therapy.Retrieved on May 30, 2006 from:http://www.clevelandclinic.org/bioethics/policies/policyonlifesustaining/ccfcode.htmlTony Bland. (2006). Tony Bland and PVS – Euthanasia. Retrieved June 1, 2006 from:http://www.spucscotland.org/education/students/euthanasia/tonyblandpvs.html.Tooley, Michael (2006). An Irrevelant Consideration: Killing versus Letting Die.Retrieved May 30, 2006 from:http://www.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/DeathandDylingTEXT/Tooley

Creating Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

Creating Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions Teachers are faced with writing objective tests and quizzes throughout the year. The main types of objective questions that teachers typically choose to include are multiple choice, matching, true-false, and fill-in-the-blank. Most teachers attempt to get a mix of these types of questions in order to best cover the objectives that were part of the lesson plan. Fill-in-the-blank questions are a common type of question due to their ease of creation and usefulness in classes across the curriculum. They are considered an objective question because there is only one possible answer that is correct. Questions Stems: who (is, was)what (is)when (did)where (did) These stems are typically used to measure a wide variety of relatively simple skills and specific knowledge. These include the: Knowledge of termsKnowledge of principles, methods, or proceduresKnowledge of specific factsSimple interpretation of data There are a number of advantages to fill-in-the-blank questions. They provide an excellent means for measuring specific knowledge, they reduce guessing by the students, and they force the student to supply the answer. In other words, teachers can get a real feel for what their students actually know. These questions work well across a variety of classes. Following are a few examples: Math teachers use these questions when they want the student to provide the answer without showing their work. Example: : The atomic number of Oxygen is _____.Language Arts teachers can use these questions to identify quotes, characters, and other basic concepts. Example: I am the Canterbury Tales pilgrim who was married five times. _____.Foreign language teachers find these types of questions useful because they allow the teacher to judge not only the students understanding of a particular word but also how it should be written. Example: Jai _____ (hungry). Constructing Excellent Fill-In-The-Blank Questions Fill-in-the-blank questions seem quite easy to create. With these types of questions, you do not have to come up with answer choices as you do for multiple choice questions. However, even though they appear to be easy, realize that there are a number of issues that might arise when creating these types of questions. Following are some tips and suggestions that you can use as you write these questions for your class assessments. Only use fill-in-the-blank questions for testing major points, not specific details.Indicate the units and degree of precision expected. For example, on a math question whose answer is a number of decimal places, make sure that you say how many decimal places you want the student to include.Omit only keywords.Avoid too many blanks in one item. It is best to only have one or two blanks for students to fill in per question.When possible, put blanks near the end of the item.Do not provide clues by adjusting the length of the blank or the number of blanks. When you have finished constructing the assessment, be sure to take the assessment yourself. That will help you be certain that each question has only one possible answer. This is a common mistake that often leads to extra work on your part. Limitations of Fill-In-The-Blank Questions There are a number of limitations that teachers should understand when using fill-in-the-blank questions: They are poor for measuring complex learning tasks. Instead, they are typically used for general knowledge questions on the lowest levels of Blooms Taxonomy.They must be written very specifically and carefully (as with all items).A word bank can provide accurate information just as well as an assessment without a word bank.Students who are poor spellers might experience problems. It is important for you to decide if that spelling is going to count against the student and if so for how many points. Student Strategies for Answering Fill-in-the-Blank Do not answer a question until you have read it all the way through.Always do the easiest and most obvious questions first.Pay attention to the language of the question (verb tense) as a cluePay attention to a word bank (if one is provided) and use the process of eliminationRead through after each answer to make sure it sounds right.

What’s a Perfect PSAT Score and How to Get It

What’s a Perfect PSAT Score and How to Get It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The mission: a perfect score on the PSAT.The method: serious test prep. Achieving a perfect score is no easy feat, but with the right study plan and materials, you can master this important exam. This guide will go over what makes for a perfect score on the PSAT and how you can prep to conquer the test. Read on to learn how to succeed in your mission to get a perfect PSAT score, should you choose to accept it.

Anti-Semitism in Western Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Anti-Semitism in Western Europe - Essay Example History has witnessed the anti-Semite attitude in the form of the Holocaust and this attitude continues to exist even today. In this paper, I intend to explore the current presence of Anti-Israel sentiments in Western Europe, particularly in the political sector. I would like to explore whether or not Western European politics have become more biased against Israel in recent years or is it just a social and media-based war. I have chosen this topic because as a Jew who lived in Jerusalem for a year, I have very close ties with Israel and consider it my home. I have witnessed the atrocities committed by terrorists who wish to eradicate Israel and its people from the face of the earth. I would like to research the influence of major political figures, most importantly Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, on Western European politics. I plan on bringing forth evidence and examples from the recent Durban II conference in Geneva, the United Nations’ support for the Goldstone Report and specific incidents in certain European countries. For that matter I intend to address the following questions in my paper to support my argument: The methodology used for research for this paper was an analysis of secondary data. Journal articles were read and analyzed. Online articles were searched and made use of and it was made sure that the information obtained was only from trusted websites rather than the popular ones like Wikipedia and blogs. Data was gathered after a thorough study of the relevant literature. After proper reading, the information was reviewed and written about and a conclusion was arrived at. Jews have long been considered as scapegoats and as such have been used to expel evil. Such was the spiritual and religious notions attached with the Jews and it gave rise to anti-Semitism. However recently the term anti Semitism has been expanded and redefined as â€Å"new antisemitism† which includes hatred for Israel and Israelis. New Anti Semites preach hatred for Jews and Israelis to such an extent that they challenge the sovereignty of Israel simply because it is a Jewish state (Simon and Schaler, 2007).  

Broadway Caf E-Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Broadway Caf E-Business - Assignment Example This essay stresses that the response to the children’s story hour concern would be that the cafà © appreciates all customers regardless of their ages and it is committed to meeting the needs of each group of customers. Nevertheless, the cafà © will make changes to ease the co-existing aspect of both parties by providing separate sections without interference with children and their activities. That response is given since the cafà © does not wish to lose customers who hate children interference. At the same time, the children’s story hour will remain an essential marketing strategy. Moreover, the management had noted with concern that children event resulted to a lot of disturbance for customers who wished to a have a quite and relaxed atmosphere. This paper declares that Broadway cafà © would have to incorporate proper e-business strategies. Knowledge management system can be utilized to source power over the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s competitors. This strategy provides decision makers in management of the cafà © with the necessary insights when developing and making major decisions concerning the firm. Moreover, the system identifies trends in the market; hence, allowing employment of sound marketing strategies. Subsequently, the firm gains edge that is more competitive over its rivals firms. The system stores crucial information and data concerning the firm. Therefore, the management can surely keep their recipes, ingredients, and algorithms of producing their meals. This information can be used to train new staff or used when there is need to review their menus or algorithms. Generally, knowledge management system facilitates the management to make sound decisions that promote the wellbeing of the firm. Customer Relationship Mana gement system enhances communication between the firm and its customers. Through this strategy, the firm is able to collect information and feedback from its employees regarding its service and products offered. The system helps the management when making decisions, hence allowing the firm to meet the needs of clientele. Moreover, it is an essential tool to attract and retain customers. Further, the system can be used to profile customers in order to identify buying trends, as well as goods that are more purchased. Additionally, the system can help to identify peak seasons for proper allocation of staff and production of highly ordered menus. Overall, the system can be used to track purchasing of individual to reward in the loyalty program. Another e-business strategy tool is the use of a website, which informs customers of the products offered by the cafe and the various locations of cafes.

Analysis of Financial Statements Research Paper

Analysis of Financial Statements - Research Paper Example Although this high level of debt provides higher level of ROE for the company, the debt levels are quite high thus entails very huge risks. A major recommendation for these companies is to conserve their funds instead of paying dividends, and use these in order to fund their growth instead of relying too much on debt. While the two companies remain profitable, the apparent weakness in their operation is their liquidity position, where in most instances they have less than a dollar in current assets, much less in quick assets to cover a dollar of current liability. Although the companies manage their assets well in terms of efficiency, a major recommendation is to retire current portions of debt by long-term debt in order to improve liquidity position. This decline in liquidity position, as well as the companies' aggressive capital structure policies create a perception of higher risks although both are profitable in their operations. Over the years, cash flow from the company's operations has been decreasing. For the period of four years, the cash flow in 2007 is at the lowest at 942.5. This cash flow results from the company's operations. The company's cost of sales has been relatively stable over the years, at 75% of sales in 2004 and 2005, to 76% in 2006 and 2007. Consequently, the company's gross profit figure is stable at 25% in 2004 and 2005, and 24% in 2006 and 2007. The company's expenses in relation to sales has also been at a relatively stable level over the course of four years. The company's marketing expenses are 19% of sales in 2004 and 2005, and 18% in 2006 and 2007. Coles Myer Limited spends 4% of its sales over the period of four years. After the expenses are deducted, the company's net profit figure plays around 2-3% from 2004 to 2007; 3% in 2004, 2% in 2005, 2% in 2006, and 3% in 2007 in proportion to sales. For every dollar of sales, the company receives an after-tax net profit of 0.02 cents over the course of four years. These figures result in a return on assets of 14% in 2004, 7% in 2005, 6% in 2006, and 8% in 2007. As regards the company's efficiency, the company has increased its inventory turnover over the course of the years: from 8.82 in 2005, down to 8.71 in 2006, then up to 9.08 in 2007. The company's frequency of collection has increased too, from 41.21 times in 2005, to 48.98 times in 2006, and up to 64.22 times in 2007. However, the performance of its assets in relation to sales has been decreasing over the years, from 3.94 in 2005, 3.7 in 2006, and 3.68 in 2007. ii. Investing From 2004 to 2007, Coles Myer Limited has increased its investments in property, plant and equipment-the company's biggest expenditure as regards its investing activities from 704.1 in 2004, to 925.0 in 2005, 1040.1 in 2006 and 1040.8 in 2007. This signifies some physical expansion on the

Issuing the Draft Essay Example for Free

Issuing the Draft Essay In response to the first argument in favor of volunteer enlistment, I would counter that the overall effect would continue to support the status quo in that privileged and wealthy Americans would not have an urgent need to enlist. Due to this economic division between classes, the lower class sector would continue to be the majority of soldiers because of a lack of better options in civilian society. In this general sense the moral of the ‘volunteer’ would not increase but would remain either indifferent or resentful. Making the draft mandatory could be seen as an equalizing force that supports the doctrine that ‘all men are created equal,’ whether or not that be the case. Response to second argument: Responding to the second argument against the draft due to the lack of funding by the part of the government, I would contend that the volunteering aspect would cut the overall size of the military because of the negative perspective that the government is mis-appropriating their funds. If this were the case, volunteers would feel no urgent necessity to enlist because they would feel their efforts would not be recognized or supported sufficiently enough to warrant such a life changing decision. Although I agree that volunteers who join causes they believe in will ultimately perform with more vigor, in this case the moral boost would be ever-vanishing.

history and the novel 1984 Essay examples -- essays research papers

Totalitarianism is defined as a political system of government in which those in power have complete control and do not allow people to oppose them. Those in power are a single party dictatorship in which one party controls state, and all other parties are forbidden. Other important features that distinguish or help define totalitarianism include restricted or eliminated constitutional rights, state terrorism, and totalitarian rulers are known as ideological dictators. The government of Oceania, in the novel 1984, is an example of totalitarian society. Germany, under Adolf Hitler’s National Socialism is another example of totalitarianism. Orwell’s Oceania has both similarities and differences to the totalitarian states of the twentieth century. The government of Oceania is clearly a totalitarian state, which compares and contrasts with Hitler’s National Socialism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The state, society, and daily life in Oceania present obvious characteristics of a totalitarian state. In Oceania society, privacy and freedom to not exist. Citizens of Oceania are constantly monitored by telescreens, and subjected to a constant barrage of propaganda. With telescreens in everyone’s homes, it is very easy to broadcast the views and beliefs of The Party. Forms of propaganda include posters and slogans. In this society it is impossible to go anywhere without seeing a poster of Big Brother, reading slogans such as â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† and â€Å"War is Peace†¦Freedom is...

Major Games in Amateur Sport Essay

â€Å"The world of major sports events is a dynamic, evolving and growing industry (like the business of sport itself), with an increasing number of major world events†¦ broadcasting rights and cut throat competition to be the host.† (Gratton et al, 2001, 63)   The Deaflympics program will present 20 different competitive events in the following summer disciplines: †¢ Athletics – Track and Field: †¢ Badminton: Team competition/Men's and Women's singles /Men's and Women's doubles /Mixed doubles †¢ Basketball – Team tournament for men and women. †¢ Beach Volleyball – Team tournament for men and women. †¢ Bowling – Singles – Six games /Doubles – Six games /Trios  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Six games /Team (5 players) †¢ Cycling Road – Sprint /Individual Time Trial /Road Race /Points Race †¢ Football – Team tournament for men and women. †¢ Handball – Team tournament for men and women. †¢ Judo †¢ Karate †¢ Taekwondo – Men Women †¢ Orienteering – Long Event /Relay Event /Sprint Event †¢ Shooting – Free Rifle prone /Free Rifle three positions /Air Rifle /Free Pistol /Rapid Fire Pistol †¢ Swimming – Freestyle / Backstroke/Breaststroke /Butterfly Individual Medley Team relay †¢ Table Tennis – Men's and Women's singles /Men's and Women's doubles /Men's and Women's teams /Mixed doubles/ †¢ Tennis – Men's and Women's singles /Men's and Women's doubles /Mixed doubles †¢ Volleyball – Team tournament for men and women. †¢ Water Polo- Team tournament for men only. †¢ Wrestling Freestyle -The  wrestling competitions will consist of the following events (men only): †¢ Wrestling Greco-Roman men only The â€Å"bid to host† process involves two critical steps.   The Initial applications must be submitted to the International Olympic Committee.   Procedural contact via the IOC will be made with the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf. However, protocol indicates that final decision remains with the oversight sanctioning body of The Summer and Winter  Deaflympics, the International Olympic Committee. â€Å"The increasing complexity of the relationship between a greater number of public and private actors has challenged the political and institutional capacity of the state to steer the policy choices affecting society and the economy.†Ã‚   (Budd et al, 2004, 12) The national and local level participation requires an official application from the â€Å"Applicant City.†Ã‚     Known as the candidature acceptance procedure, a questionnaire in Phase One of the bid process is submitted to the IOC. The collaboration between the local sponsors, city officials and bid committee benefit from a complete overview of organizing the Deaflympics and of what will be expected from them should they be selected as Candidate Cities and reach Phase Two of the procedure. Venue selection for each sport must meet the following general criteria. However the most important and over whelming factor is broadcast access.   â€Å"The struggle for control over Olympic communication is centered on television, the medium largely responsible for transforming the modern Olympic movement.† (Larson et al, 1993, 65) On a secondary yet vital level, the type and condition of the competition surface or field of play, seating capacity and format, number of locker rooms, training amenities, equipment storage, sports shops, concession stands, public address and multi media system, box office, press facilities, communications, parking/handicap access, scheduling, medical facilities and advertising. Upon selection, a second standard specific to the sport will be evaluated. Ever more policy makers view telecommunications as a strategic resource hence the financial foundation of the bid is paramount to success of the games. (Read et al, 1996, 9) To ensure the security of athletes, coaches, and fans the need for professional security support, trained staff and volunteers, communication equipment, local, national and international media, accreditation, VIP room and services.   Most importantly liability and cancellation insurance, physician(s) on-site, first aid facilities on-site, emergency medical services, strategies for injuries and an emergency evacuation strategy must be in place. Critical to the planning and implementation to the plan require participation from local communities by actively attending the games and using their purchasing power. All local and state wide sport organizations will provide professional help with the operational aspects of the events. Regarding sports issues, â€Å"it is necessary to have some appreciation of the structure of government, the development and organization of sport and the dominant pattern of policy-making.†   (Houlihan, 1997, 22) The ï€  Municipal Government, local and state wide business community together with state wide corporate sponsors must provide the fund raising mechanism to initiate the application process, maintain operational support thru to the completion of the games. Gratton, Chris Sport in the City: The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration.Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 63. Budd, Adrian, Sport and International Relations: An Emerging Relationship. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2004. Page Number: 112. Larson, James F., Global Television and the Politics of the Seoul Olympics. Publisher: Westview Press. Place of Publication: Boulder, CO. Publication Year: 1993. Page Number: 65. Houlihan, Barrie Sport, Policy, and Politics: A Comparative Analysis. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1997. Page Number: 22. Read, William H. Telecommunications Strategy for Economic Development. Publisher: Praeger Publishers. Place of Publication: Westport, CT. Publication Year: 1996. Page Number: 9.      

Guns, Germs, And Steel Essay

In the book Guns, Germs, and Steel the Fates of Human Societies, Jared Diamond discusses the superior developments and advancements of mankind that shaped history through time. Throughout the book Diamond states how disease and germs have shaped history up to today. â€Å"Because diseases have been the biggest killers of people, they have also been decisive shapers of history.† For instance, Diamond relates to a story once told to him by a friend about a man that contracted a very odd disease. As the story progressed you eventually found out how the man got the illness by having sexual intercourse with a sheep. This illustrates human diseases of animal origins (pp.195, 196. 197, 206-210). Diamond also discusses how the Europeans were able to defeat the Native Americans because they brought diseases to them that they were not yet immune to. In Guns, Germs, and Steel, Diamond discusses the evolution of disease that is contracted from animals. Diseases that have had a major impact throughout history such as smallpox, malaria, tuberculosis, plague, flu, and measles have been adapted by humans from animals (p. 196). One example of how a germ can spread is by patiently waiting to be transmitted through the victim. For instance we often contract salmonella by eating raw or unprepared food like eggs and meat; and the worm that causes anisakiasis by eating raw fish. Germs don’t just wait to be transmitted by waiting to be eaten by the victim but by hitchhiking on the animals’ salvia. For example, mosquitoes, fleas, and even lice carry fatal germs that can cause diseases such as malaria, plague, or even typhus, and once bitten you can easily contract any of those diseases (p.198). Moreover, the worst type of transmission of the germs is by passing through a woman to her fetus and pass on –infect- her child. That type of transmission diamond describes as contracting syphilis, AIDs, and rubella (p.199). AIDs, as Diamond informs us, came from a virus in African Monkeys that was first detected in 1962 (pp.197, 199, 201, and 208) One main example of how disease had a huge impact on shaping the course of history is the Europeans defeating the Native Americans (pp. 210, 211, 212, 197). The Europeans came to the Americas in 1492 on Columbus’s voyage. When they came they were able to conquer the Native Americans due to the murderous microbes. Many more Native Americans died in bed from disease than ob n the battle field because of the Eurasian germs. For example, Cortà ©s came to the Mexican coast attempting to conquer the Aztec empire. When he reached Tenochtitlan he was able to escape with one third of his army left. When they returned, the Spaniards had an advantage due to the epidemic that was brought to the Aztecs by a Spaniard. The epidemic spread like wildfire and by 1618 the Aztec population drastically decreased from 20 million to 1.6 million (p.210). Additionally, Pizarro had the same luck when he got to Peru and attempted taking over the Inca Empire in 1531. Smallpox came in 1526 killing a large number of Inca residents’ as well as the emperor and his successor. Hernando de Soto came to the Americas and was the firsts to march through southern united states. He came across many abandoned sites due to epidemics and Eurasian germs. As de Soto marched through the Indian sites of lower Mississippi, Eurasian germs had already reached most of north America and kept spreading. The main killers of the Indians had been the Eurasian germs that were not introduced to the native Americans and therefore never immune.